About Walker
Walker Ryan is a climate-tech entrepreneur focused on driving industrial decarbonization through better data. As the founder and CEO of Parq, he helps manufacturers generate high-quality, third-party–verified carbon disclosures at scale—accelerating a traditionally slow and expensive process. Before starting Parq, Walker led over $200 million in sustainability-focused investments as VP of Strategy & Growth at ReStream Solutions, following earlier experience in investment banking at Deutsche Bank. He brings a rare mix of capital markets expertise and hands-on sustainability knowledge to tackling the infrastructure of industrial emissions.
Recent Articles
HVAC PCRs, explained for busy manufacturers
If your team is chasing an EPD for fans, air handling units, heat pumps, or ductwork, the rulebook you need is a Product Category Rule. The catch is that HVAC products straddle construction and electrical standards. Picking the right PCR saves months, avoids rework, and keeps your declaration comparable in the markets that matter.
Which PCR fits mineral wool insulation
Confused by rock wool, glass wool, stone wool, and which rules apply where? Here is the straight path to pick the right Product Category Rules for a product-specific EPD, avoid rework, and line up with what specifiers expect. If you arrived wondering about “pcr for mineral wool insulation,” you’re in the right place.
Which PCR fits aluminum construction products
Aluminum teams ask one question on repeat. Which Product Category Rule should we use for our extrusions, sheets, or facade systems. Pick wrong and the LCA model, EPD scope, and even comparability can wobble. Pick right and bids move faster, specs stick, and the data story holds up in tough reviews. Here is how the aluminum PCR landscape actually looks right now, and how to navigate it without wasting quarters.
EPD Prioritization Playbook for Manufacturers
Too many SKUs, not enough time. If you try to create EPDs for everything at once, progress stalls and sales teams keep sidestepping specs that ask for them. A smart EPD prioritization plan picks a few products where an EPD will unblock revenue fast, then scales. Here is the practical way to choose those first movers without burning out your team.
EPD Strategy For Manufacturers: A Practical Playbook
Teams know their products cold, yet EPDs can feel like alphabet soup. Meanwhile, buyers penalize products without a verified declaration, which quietly pushes them out of specs. A sharp EPD strategy connects data, PCR choices, and publication timing so sales can compete on merit, not just price. Here is how to build a plan that is fast, defensible, and repeatable across a portfolio.
EPD Documentation That Wins Bids
Bid week is no time for scavenger hunts. Buyers want clean, verifiable EPD documentation that maps to the exact product they will receive, or the door quietly closes. Here is what belongs in your packet, how agencies actually review it, and the pitfalls that cost teams points, time, and sometimes the award itself.
BREEAM Material Credits, Explained
Making sense of BREEAM’s Materials category is the difference between being shortlisted and being sidelined. Here is what actually earns credits, how Environmental Product Declarations plug in, and practical moves manufacturers can take now to help projects capture Mat 01 and Mat 02. If you’ve ever wondered how “breeam material credits” really work, this is your fast track.
BREEAM and EPDs for manufacturers
If buyers or design teams ask for a “BREEAM EPD,” they want proof your product’s impacts can be used in a BREEAM assessment without friction. The good news is simple. A third‑party verified, product‑specific EPD built to EN 15804 or ISO 14025 is accepted, and in many schemes it can unlock direct Materials credits while also feeding the building LCA. The trick is timing, scope, and quantity, not reinventing your product.
LEED scorecard explained for manufacturers
If project teams keep asking how your products help their LEED score, this is your crib sheet. We break down how the LEED checklist works, where EPDs and HPDs move points, and what LEED v5 means for materials so sales and product teams can answer with crisp specifics, not guesswork.
LEED Zero Carbon, explained for manufacturers
Owners keep asking for “zero carbon.” Some mean LEED Zero Carbon, others mean a LEED v5 project with aggressive embodied‑carbon targets. If your team makes building products, the distinction matters. Here is the plain‑English map of what LEED Zero Carbon measures, how LEED v5 changes the materials game, and exactly where product‑specific EPDs help projects hit their marks without drama.
RE2020 updates 2025: what changes now
France tightened RE2020 carbon rules on January 1, 2025. If your products go into French housing, offices or schools, this alters how easily projects hit the Ic construction and Ic énergie caps. The short version is simple. More product‑specific EPDs in INIES means smoother compliance. Fewer EPDs means default data that push projects over the line.
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, decoded
If you make or sell physical products in the EU, the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation changes the ground rules. It sets a single playbook for product sustainability and introduces the Digital Product Passport. For manufacturers in construction supply chains, this is less about slogans and more about the data behind your products. Here is what actually matters, what is still evolving, and how to get in front of it without slowing launches.
CE marking enforcement in 2025, explained
If you sell construction products in the EU or Great Britain, 2025 is a threshold year. New CPR rules start phasing in, UK recognition of CE marking continues, and authorities are scaling up checks. Here is the plain‑English map from CE to declarations, environmental data, and what to fix before an inspector or buyer does.
GaBi LCA software for manufacturers, explained
If an EPD is your ticket onto the spec, the LCA behind it is the engine. GaBi is one of the most established engines in the market. Here is how it actually fits into an EPD project, what it does well, what it does not do for you, and how to choose the right setup so your team moves fast without sacrificing credibility.
How the global EPD system actually works
If your products sell into construction, Environmental Product Declarations are no longer exotic. They’re the passport that gets you into specs, public bids, and climate‑aligned procurement. Here’s the plain‑English map of who sets the rules, where EPDs get published, how they move across borders, and what matters commercially when teams search for a “global epd system.”
ISO 21930 for EPDs, Explained for Manufacturers
ISO 21930 sits at the center of construction EPDs, yet it is often confused with EN 15804 and ISO 14025. If your team is hearing “iso 21930 epd” in specs or RFQs, this guide translates the standard into plain English so you can pick the right path, move fast, and avoid costly do‑overs.
EN 15804 A2, in plain English
If the letters and numbers in EN 15804 feel like alphabet soup, you are not alone. This standard is the rulebook most construction-product EPDs follow in Europe and often beyond. Understanding what changed with the A2 update gives product, operations, and sales teams a faster path to credible, comparable EPDs that actually help win specs, not slow them down.
EPD Recertification, Explained For Manufacturers
Five years passes fast. EPD recertification is not a rubber stamp, it is a new verification against today’s rules and your latest data. Get the timing, the PCR choice, and the data story right and you keep bids clean and specs sticky. Miss the window and you invite avoidable last‑minute drama.
EPDs for New Products: Launch Without Waiting a Year
Got a just‑launched product and almost no data history? You can still publish a credible, third‑party verified EPD without stalling sales. The trick is using the right rulebook, a tight evidence pack, and a plan to update once full‑year operations mature. Think pilot season, not the series finale.
Insulation EPDs, decoded for busy manufacturers
If a spec calls for an EPD for insulation, what should your team look for first. The short answer is comparability and credibility. The longer answer is knowing which PCR applies, how the declared unit maps to R‑value in real projects, and what drives embodied carbon for fiberglass, mineral wool, cellulose, XPS, EPS, and spray foam. One more reason to care even before embodied carbon rules bite hard, better insulation still trims heating and cooling bills by about 15 percent on average when paired with air sealing (ENERGY STAR, 2024).
Concrete EPDs, Explained For Busy Manufacturers
If customers ask for an EPD for concrete, they are not playing a paperwork game. They are trying to compare global warming potential, reliably, across mixes and suppliers. This guide shows how a concrete EPD is built, which choices actually shift the number, and how to get one published quickly without burying your technical team in spreadsheets.
EPDs across the Mediterranean, decoded
Thinking about selling into Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Türkiye or nearby markets and wondering how EPDs actually work there? This fast tour maps the rules, registries, and program operators that matter so your team can ship credible declarations, get modeled correctly, and win specs without drama.
EPD Montenegro: what manufacturers need to know
If you sell construction products into Montenegro or export from Montenegro into the EU, an Environmental Product Declaration is increasingly the ticket to the shortlist. Here is the fast, plain‑English map of the local rules, common program operators, and how an EPD actually moves the needle for bids. People often type "epd montenegro" then bounce between tabs. You do not need to.
EPDs in Serbia: What Manufacturers Need Now
Selling into the EU or competing for EU‑funded projects puts Serbian building‑product makers under a brighter spotlight. Environmental Product Declarations are becoming the quickest way to clear buyer due‑diligence and keep bids in play. Here’s how “EPD Serbia” looks today, what standards really apply, and how to move from interest to a published declaration without tying up your factory team for months.
EPDs in Bulgaria, Explained
Making sense of EPDs in Bulgaria can feel like switching subtitles mid‑movie. The good news is the playbook is familiar, just with a few local twists. Here is what counts, who publishes, which rules matter, and how manufacturers can move fast without drowning in paperwork.
EPD Poland, explained for manufacturers
Bids in Poland are increasingly asking for environmental product declarations that speak EN 15804 fluently. The rules are European, the players are Polish and international, and the commercial stakes are real. Here is how the landscape works, where to publish, and what to prep so an EPD helps win tenders rather than slow them down.
EPDs in Belgium, Explained for Manufacturers
Belgium treats EPDs as more than a brochure. If a brand talks about environmental performance, it must back that up with a verified B‑EPD recorded in the federal database. That sounds strict, yet it makes selling into Belgian projects clearer and faster once your data is in order.
EPD Netherlands: what manufacturers need to know
Selling into the Dutch market runs on numbers, not slogans. Permits hinge on MPG, infrastructure bids score with MKI, and product data flows through the Nationale Milieudatabase. If you are weighing where to place your first or next EPD, here is the Netherlands in plain English.
EPDs and the European Union market, explained
The EU is one market, yet rules and buyer habits vary country by country. If your products cross borders, you need an EPD strategy that travels with them, from the standard on the cover page to where the data lives and how it plugs into national tools.
EPD Life Cycle Assessment in Plain English
Confused about how an LCA turns into an EPD, what “A1–A3” even means, and whether any of this actually helps win specs. You’re not alone. Here’s the clean, manufacturer‑first view of EPD life cycle assessment that bridges compliance and commercial outcomes without the jargon fog.
EN 15804 for EPDs, decoded for manufacturers
If you make building products and keep hearing “EN 15804” or “EN 15804+A2,” this is the map. We explain what an epd en 15804 compliant declaration contains, why the A2 update matters, how it intersects with PCRs and ISO 14025, and what this means for sales, specs, and your next 12 months.
EPD Registration: How to Get It Right, Fast
Teams ask where to register, how long it takes, and what it actually means to have a “registered EPD.” Here is the plain‑English map, from picking the right PCR to choosing a program operator and landing your document where specifiers actually look. We keep the focus on speed, quality, and the commercial upside of being selectable.
EPD for building materials, explained clearly
Specifiers are moving faster on low‑carbon choices, and products without an Environmental Product Declaration get scrutinized or sidelined. If you manufacture anything that ends up in a wall, slab, skin, or system, this is your plain‑English map to what an EPD is, where it’s used, and how to get one in motion without hijacking your operations for months.
Resinous flooring for data centers: who has EPDs?
ESD floors in server halls, PU‑cement in generator rooms, and fast‑cure systems in corridors keep hyperscale facilities humming. If your spec teams ask for Environmental Product Declarations, you need to know which resinous brands have them today, and where the gaps are. Below is a crisp, product‑level scan across six common manufacturers, mapped to the three data‑center use cases that come up most often.
Hebel Australia: products and EPD coverage
Hebel is Australia’s best known AAC brand, part of CSR, with panels and blocks that show up on homes, apartments and civil work. If your teams pitch Hebel into specs that prefer or require EPDs, here’s a fast read on what they make, where EPDs exist today, and how to close the gaps so you win more bids without a scramble.
Giacomini: product lineup and EPD coverage at a glance
Giacomini is a familiar name on mechanical room submittals. The portfolio is broad and engineering‑driven, yet their public trail of Environmental Product Declarations looks thin. If your projects prefer or require product‑specific EPDs, that gap can quietly push you off shortlists in favor of rivals who show their numbers.
Emmeti: hydronic systems and EPD coverage snapshot
Specifiers keep asking for verifiable carbon data. Emmeti, a Purmo Group brand, sells widely across hydronic piping, manifolds, valves and heat generation. The question buyers care about is simple: which of those lines already carry Environmental Product Declarations, and where are the gaps that can stall a bid or get a product swapped late in design.
James Halstead: what they sell and where EPDs stand
James Halstead plc sits behind Polyflor and Objectflor, a pure play in resilient flooring. Think commercial sheet vinyl, safety flooring, ESD, and a wide LVT portfolio sold into healthcare, education, workplace and retail. The interesting bit for specifiers is simple. How much of that catalog is covered by product‑specific EPDs today, and where might coverage lag just enough to cost a spec on projects chasing LEED v5 points or corporate carbon targets?
Polyflor: products, spec battles, and EPD coverage
Polyflor sits in the thick of every resilient‑flooring spec. When projects ask for third‑party verified EPDs, coverage across the full range matters. Here is how their portfolio stacks up today, where EPDs are solid, and where tightening the net could unlock more wins.
Luminis Lighting: Portfolio and the EPD Opportunity
Luminis builds sleek, specification‑grade luminaires for campuses, civic spaces, and contemporary interiors. Their design story is strong. The next growth lever is simple to name and harder to ignore: product‑specific EPDs that keep them in play on carbon‑screened projects and LEED v5 pursuits. Here’s where Luminis shines today, where the gaps sit, and a clean path to close them.
Resinous flooring brands likeliest to win hyperscaler data centers
Hyperscaler data center work moves fast, specs are tight, and procurement teams want hard numbers for embodied carbon. Resinous flooring shows up across galleries, battery rooms, and corridors. If your systems come with current, product‑specific EPDs, you make the shortlist. If they don’t, you’re fighting uphill, often on price alone.
MBCI’s metal panels and their EPD reality
MBCI offers a deep bench of roof and wall profiles, yet many buyers now filter shortlists by Environmental Product Declarations. Here’s a fast read on what MBCI sells, how broad the portfolio is, and where their current EPD coverage helps or holds them back in specs.
Nucor’s Steel Portfolio and EPD Coverage
Specifiers know Nucor for breadth and speed to site. What they often ask is simple. Which product lines carry current EPDs, and where are the gaps that could block a bid on projects aiming for carbon accounting or LEED v5 points. Here is the quick, practical view.
SCHOTT, specialty glass, and today’s EPD reality
SCHOTT is a pioneer in specialty glass with strong credentials on climate and energy. In building projects, though, the spec game is shifting toward product‑specific EPDs. Here is how SCHOTT’s current portfolio maps to what specifiers now expect, and where quick EPD wins could unlock more bids without squeezing margins.
Polygroup: seasonal décor, pools, and EPD relevance
Polygroup is a global seasonal décor and outdoor‑recreation giant. Impressive scale, huge retail reach, and a portfolio that screams consumer. That matters for EPDs because most of their products are not the stuff architects specify in bid sets. Here is where their range sits today, what it means for environmental declarations, and when EPDs would actually move the needle.
BlueScope Buildings: EPDs across the metal building kit
BlueScope Buildings North America is best known through Butler and Varco Pruden. They sell the full pre‑engineered steel building kit, from primary frames to roof and wall panels. If a project team asks for EPDs, how well is that kit covered and where could added declarations move the spec needle?
Marazzi Group: tile giant with room to grow on EPDs
Marazzi is a household name in ceramic and porcelain stoneware. Their design range is deep, their distribution is global, and specifiers know the brand. The open question for 2025 is simple. Do their Environmental Product Declarations keep pace with the breadth of what they sell, in the places where projects now expect them?
FieldTurf: product lineup and EPD coverage, fast
Synthetic turf shows up everywhere from D1 stadiums to schoolyards. Specifiers increasingly ask for third‑party EPDs, and some owners give preference to products that can be counted toward LEED v5 materials credits. Here’s how FieldTurf’s range stacks up today, where its coverage is strong, and the smart moves to win more specs without slowing sales teams down.
Pilkington glass lineup and EPD coverage
Architects are asking for product‑specific EPDs in more bids. Pilkington’s portfolio is broad and recognizable, but how much of it is covered by verified declarations that actually move specs over the finish line? Here’s the fast, no‑fluff read.
Fireclay Tile: products and EPD coverage snapshot
Handmade look, American manufacturing, and a brand designers love. Here’s how Fireclay Tile’s ceramic, glass, and glazed thin brick lines stack up on environmental transparency today, and where EPDs can unlock more specs when LEED‑minded teams are shortlisting materials.
Ceramiche Refin: tile range and EPD coverage
Ceramiche Refin is a pure play in porcelain stoneware. Think floors, walls, large slabs and outdoor pavers that turn up in retail, hospitality and workplace fit‑outs. Here’s how their catalog stacks up, and how far their EPDs reach into the lineup so sales teams can protect specs without extra friction.
Santa Monica’s Low‑Carbon Concrete Rule, Explained
If your products touch concrete in California, Santa Monica just turned up the heat. The city now requires low‑carbon concrete in new construction, pools, and spas. That shifts submittals toward cement‑lean mixes and verifiable carbon data. Manufacturers with fast, clean EPD workflows will win specs while others play catch‑up.
Buy Clean Colorado: GWP Rules Manufacturers Need Now
Colorado now sets hard global warming potential limits for key materials on state-funded projects. If your EPDs are missing or your numbers sit above the threshold, you risk slower reviews, waiver paperwork, or lost bids. The good news: the rules are clear, the limits are public, and a tight data play gets you compliant without derailing production.
Oregon’s Climate Omnibus HB 3409, Decoded for Manufacturers
Oregon’s 2023 climate package is not just about forests and heat pumps. It quietly rewires agencies, funds natural climate solutions, and sets up programs that reach into job sites, specs, and submittals. If you sell materials into Oregon, the signals around embodied carbon and documentation are getting louder. Here is what HB 3409 actually changes, what numbers matter, and how to turn it into faster bids and fewer last minute scrambles.
Fiberon in brief: products, rivals, and EPD coverage
Composite stalwart Fiberon builds the outdoor living kit architects actually specify: multiple decking families, matching railing lines, cladding, lighting, and fasteners. Their public library shows Environmental Product Declarations for flagship decking and Wildwood cladding, with a few gaps that matter commercially. If a project team filters bids by product‑specific EPDs, missing documents can quietly block you from shortlists. Fiberon’s own sustainability hub hints at scale and intent, yet specifers still need clear paperwork. See their sustainability narrative here: [Fiberon Balance](https://www.fiberondecking.com/pages/fiberon-balance).
TimberTech: product lineup and EPD coverage snapshot
TimberTech sits at the center of the outdoor living conversation. If your team sells into multifamily decks, hospitality terraces, or education campuses, you will see them on every shortlist. Here is how their portfolio breaks down and how well those products are documented with Environmental Product Declarations, so you can judge specability at a glance.
Gypsum board across the U.S.: who has EPDs
If gypsum board is your bread and butter, EPD coverage is your ticket into more specs and fewer headaches. The landscape shifts by region, brand presence, and how plant‑specific those declarations are. Here is the quick, practical overview we wish every product manager and sales lead had on their desk.
Resinous healthcare flooring in Denmark: who has EPDs?
Hospitals in Denmark face tighter climate limits from July 1, 2025. If your resin floors arrive without an EN 15804 EPD, project LCAs get harder, bids slow, and your product risks being swapped. Here’s the fast read on which resinous players show up with declarations, why that matters under BR18, and how to move from “we’ll get to it” to EPD‑ready without stressing your ops team.
Swap in recycled content, drop GWP fast
Quick wins often hide in plain sight. For many construction materials, increasing recycled content can slash cradle‑to‑gate global warming potential without touching the mix deign or compromising performance. The trick is knowing where it really works, what numbers to expect, and how to document it cleanly in an EPD so specifiers can act on it.
IECC 2027 for Manufacturers
IECC 2027 is locking in by late 2026, then rolling into state adoptions on their own timelines. That means product specs will tilt harder toward high‑efficiency envelopes, HVAC, lighting, and controls. If your team sells into new construction or major renovations, now’s the time to tune performance data and line up EPDs so you aren’t scrambling when bids land.
Holcim ECOPact and today’s low‑carbon concrete options
Specs are tightening on embodied carbon while strength, finish, and schedule stay non‑negotiable. ECOPact is Holcim’s headline answer, but it is not the only game in town. Here is how the big low‑carbon mixes compare, what their numbers really mean, and how to translate those claims into EPDs that actually win bids.
Southwire: products and EPD coverage at a glance
Southwire is a heavyweight in wire and cable for the built world. If you sell or spec electrification, odds are their copper and aluminum are already on your jobs. We mapped the portfolio and its environmental reporting so you can see where EPDs help you win the spec and where gaps may still trip you up. Their public sustainability push adds momentum, too, with deep Scope 1 and 2 cuts reported in 2024 progress updates ([Southwire Sustainability, 2025](https://www.southwire.com/sustainability/growing-green)).
Ecore Commercial Flooring: product range and EPD reality check
Specifiers keep asking for proof, not promises. If your product shows up on a bid without an Environmental Product Declaration, it often gets sidelined for a competitor that has one. Here’s how Ecore’s catalog stacks up, where coverage looks strong, and where a quick move could unlock more specs.
CertainTeed: products, EPD coverage, and gaps
CertainTeed wears many hats in North American construction. That breadth is great for sales teams, until a spec calls for environmental paperwork and some lines are covered while others are quiet. Here is the snapshot manufacturers ask us for when planning EPDs that win specs without derailing day jobs.
National Gypsum: products and their EPD coverage
National Gypsum sits in the center of the gypsum universe with familiar badges on jobsite pallets. If you spec walls or roofs, you know Gold Bond, DEXcell, PermaBASE and ProForm. The question buyers keep asking is simple. How well are these ranges covered by Environmental Product Declarations and where are the quick wins to lift specability without a six month slog.
Shaw Floors: products and EPD coverage in one view
Shaw’s portfolio spans from cozy residential carpet to heavy‑duty commercial resilient. Specifiers see breadth, but do they also see product‑specific EPDs where it matters for bids, compliance, and client cred? Here’s the fast read.
Make the EPD budget a Revenue Story
Executives hear cost and compliance. Specifiers see access and advantage. When a product shows up with a third‑party verified EPD, it enters more bids, clears more submittals, and sticks to more specs. The market signal is unmistakable. Global product-specific EPD numbers have reached 200,000 declarations in late 2025, and momentum is only accelerating.
Data Center Embodied Carbon Benchmarks Suppliers Should Hit
Hyperscalers are moving from “tell me” to “show me.” If you supply concrete, steel, glass, or insulation into data centers, the leaders now expect product‑specific EPDs that land within explicit carbon ranges, not vague intentions. Here are the concrete numbers buyers are circulating and the quality signals they check before your submittal makes it past page one.
Supplier Scorecards Are Getting Brutal
Procurement teams are tightening the screws. RFPs that once asked for a sustainability policy now demand product‑specific, third‑party verified EPDs, EN 15804+A2 alignment, and plant‑level numbers. Miss those asks and you are not just late, you are invisible. In 2025, 270 global buyers asked nearly 45,000 suppliers to disclose environmental data through CDP, a blunt signal that proof beats promises (CDP, 2025) ([CDP, 2025](https://cdp.net/en/disclose)). Here’s how to read the writing on the wall and protect revenue before your competitors do.
Tnemec resinous flooring and EPDs, decoded
Specifiers increasingly ask for resinous floors that can prove their impact, not just promise it. Here is where Tnemec stands today on Environmental Product Declarations for its StrataShield and Ultra‑Tread families, what that means on bid day, and where coverage could expand to keep pace with competitors.
Supply Chain Squeeze: Embodied Carbon Targets Force Rapid Decarbonization
Customers are rewriting specs with embodied carbon caps that bite. States are hard‑coding EPDs into bids. Europe is pricing carbon at the border. If your inputs, plants, and paperwork are not ready, lead times stretch, bids stall, and margins slip. The upside is real: manufacturers that align data, procurement, and product tweaks now are winning work while competitors scramble.
Good Enough Reporting Is Over for Data Center Builders
Voluntary checklists once passed in bid rooms. Not anymore. Owners, states, and rating systems now treat embodied carbon like a code line item. If your concrete, steel, glass, wiring, insulation or racks show up without current EPDs and a credible LCA trail, you slow bids, lose points, and risk disqualification. The shift is real, and it is biting schedules.
One Missing EPD Can Sink A Multi Million Dollar Bid
A seven figure proposal can die on one missing PDF. Public owners now tie eligibility to product specific, verified EPDs. Private owners chase rating points that need them. When submittals land without that declaration, buyers cannot confirm compliance and move on. The fix is boring and powerful. Treat EPDs like bonding capacity you renew before it lapses.
From Steel to Sealants: EPDs Decide Data Center Specs
Data center construction is spiking while owners sharpen embodied‑carbon targets. If your product lacks a product‑specific, third‑party verified EPD, teams often must model you with worst‑case assumptions that drag GWP up and your chances down. In 2025 the spec door does not just open for low‑carbon options, it closes on products without credible EPDs.
Embodied Carbon: The New Hyperscaler RFP Filter
Hyperscalers are quietly culling bid lists with one line item. If your concrete, steel, glass, or insulation cannot prove its numbers in a verified EPD and hit a max GWP, your proposal never makes the shortlist. This is not a trend piece. It is a procurement reality that decides who gets onto the campus and who waits outside the fence.
Crossville Inc.: what they make and where EPDs stand
Crossville is a familiar name on commercial finish schedules. If you spec tile for healthcare, offices, education, or retail, you’ve likely weighed a Crossville collection against Daltile or Florim. Here’s the fast read on their portfolio and how well it’s backed by Environmental Product Declarations today.
Alucoil: products and where EPDs stand
Alucoil, S.A. makes aluminum façade panels you see on airports, arenas, and high‑rise overclads. Here is how their flagship ranges show up in specs and which ones already carry product‑specific EPDs so sales teams know when sustainability paperwork helps or hurts momentum.
Armstrong World Industries: EPD coverage snapshot
Armstrong World Industries shapes a huge share of what we see and hear inside buildings, from quiet classrooms to signature lobbies. If you sell into ceilings and walls, this is a brand you’ll meet. Here is a fast read on what they make, where EPD coverage is strong, and where a few gaps may still cost specs.
SOLDIS UDIREV: EPD coverage at a glance
SOLDIS UDIREV sits at an interesting crossroads. They are a major French distributor and brand editor for flooring, with a broad catalog and visible traction in luxury vinyl tile. The question specifiers ask more and more is simple: which of these products carry current, project‑ready EPDs, and where are the gaps that could quietly cost bids.
Universal Fibers: products and EPD coverage
Universal Fibers is a go-to supplier of solution‑dyed carpet fiber for commercial interiors. They sell into many of the projects where EPDs tip a spec decision. Here is where their portfolio shines, where their environmental reporting stands today, and the quickest path to close any gaps.
SAINT-GOBAIN ADFORS: EPDs where textiles meet buildings
SAINT-GOBAIN ADFORS sits at the intersection of glass fibers, nonwovens, and everyday building assemblies. If your specs touch facades, waterproofing membranes, or wall finishes, their textiles probably cross your desk. Here is the fast take on what they make, how broad the range is, and how well those products are backed by Environmental Product Declarations.
Union française des tapis et moquettes: EPD reality check
Looking at UFTM, we quickly discover a trade group, not a factory. That matters for EPDs. The union promotes textile floor coverings in France and coordinates tools for its member brands, but it doesn’t sell products. Here’s how their ecosystem shows up in specs, where collective FDES help, and where brand‑specific EPDs still win when projects keep score.
Saint‑Gobain Weber Denmark: EPD coverage, fast facts
Weber in Denmark is best known for mortars, renders, grouts, screeds, and façade systems that show up on real jobsites, not just brochures. If you sell or spec these materials, you want to know which lines carry Environmental Product Declarations and where gaps could cost you a bid. Here is the quick, no‑fluff read.
Junckers Industrier: solid hardwood floors, fresh EPDs
If you sell or specify wood flooring, Junckers is probably already on your radar. The pure-play Danish maker of solid hardwood floors now has updated, product‑specific EPDs for its core ranges, which changes the spec math in their favor.
Parterre Flooring: products and EPD coverage
Specifiers love Parterre’s design library. What they need at bid time is simple proof that the right environmental paperwork is current. Here is a no‑fluff read on what Parterre sells, how broad the portfolio is, and where Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) are present or missing so sales teams can protect margin and keep projects in play.
DBC (Deutsche Bauchemie) and EPDs, clarified
Confused by DBC and product EPDs? Quick reality check. dbc-online.de points to Deutsche Bauchemie e.V., the German construction chemicals association, not a manufacturer. They do not sell products. Their members do and the portfolio is broad. Here is how that map looks and how well it is currently covered by EPDs, plus where the spec wins are hiding for teams that move first.
Protec International: temporary protection and the EPD gap
Protec International Ltd makes the stuff that keeps finished surfaces safe while buildings come to life. Think Proplex boards, films, tapes, and site signage that stop knocks, scuffs, and dust from turning into delays. Here’s where their portfolio shines, where it’s broad, and where Environmental Product Declarations currently fall short for spec‑hungry projects.
Kronospan Luxembourg: product range and EPD reality
Kronospan Luxembourg S.A. is a busy, multi‑category site in Sanem producing core wood-based panels and decorative finishes for interiors and construction. If your projects require EPD-backed materials, this snapshot shows where their coverage is strong, where gaps likely remain, and how that impacts specability in real bids.
Mannington Mills: products and EPD coverage
Mannington Mills sits in a crowded flooring arena where EPDs can unlock specs that price alone never will. Here’s a tight snapshot of what they make, how broadly those ranges are covered by EPDs as of November 2025, and where a few quick wins could boost specability in healthcare, education, and workplace projects.
Balsan carpets and EPD coverage at a glance
Balsan is a French specialist in textile flooring for commercial and residential interiors. If you work on offices, hospitality, education or housing, you will see their carpet tiles, planks, and broadloom often. Here is how their range shows up in specs today, and how their Environmental Product Declarations stack up for teams chasing low‑stress, high‑confidence submittals.
Alpen High Performance Products: EPD Readiness Snapshot
Alpen makes ultra-efficient windows and doors that energy nerds rave about. But in a market where EPDs decide who gets shortlisted, do their product lines show up with the right paperwork or risk being swapped out at bid time? Here is the quick, commercial read of where they stand and what to do next.
Supplier Codes That Secretly Govern Your EPD Roadmap
Land a cloud contract and you also inherit a sustainability homework list any building-product maker should know by heart. Ignore it and you risk getting ghosted at the sourcing stage, long before cost or lead time even surface.
IVC Group: product range and EPD reality check
IVC Group sits inside Mohawk’s flooring empire and sells a broad mix of resilient floors and carpet tile. In North America, ivcfloors.com aims at residential shoppers, while the historic IVC Commercial arm has served spec-driven projects in EMEA. Here’s the fast snapshot of what they make, where EPDs exist, and where the gaps could cost specs on projects that prefer or require product‑specific declarations.
Valsir S.p.A.: product range and EPD coverage
Valsir is a familiar name on plumbing specs, from quiet waste stacks to in‑wall cisterns and multilayer supply lines. If you sell or manage these products, here is the short, practical readout on what they make, how broadly they publish Environmental Product Declarations, and where coverage still leaves room to win more specs.
CSTB, explained: services, software, and EPD reality
Looking for EPDs tied to CSTB’s own products? Here is the twist. CSTB is not a material manufacturer. It is France’s public building science center that tests, certifies, trains, and helps run the country’s core environmental data hub. That matters for how you plan your EPD roadmap in France, and for where specifiers will look first.
Hyperscalers Quietly Rewrite Supplier Compliance Rules
If your concrete mix, switchgear panel, or server rack still lacks a third-party verified EPD, the biggest customers you have never met are about to notice. Cloud titans from Microsoft to AWS are baking carbon-data clauses into purchase orders, and the ripple is hitting every tier of the construction supply chain. Ignore the whispers and you may never even make it onto the bid list.
Tarkett vs Interface and Shaw Contract: The EPD Tug-of-War
Bid chatter in corporate interiors is shifting from "What looks best?" to "Whose EPD lands in the Dropbox first?" Tarkett, Interface, and Shaw Contract now jostle for that first click. The numbers in EC3 show a surprising balance of power—one kilobyte can swing a spec.
How Leviton Is Losing to Legrand and Eaton on EPDs
Every RFP that crosses a specifier’s desk now carries a low-carbon scorecard. In wiring devices and structured cabling, the brand with the deeper Environmental Product Declaration roster lands an instant advantage. Leviton has just eight live EPDs. Legrand’s North America unit alone lists more than 1,000. Eaton sits in the middle with eight—but in categories that hit power distribution and controls directly. The gap is yawning, and bids are being decided before price even enters the chat.
Caltrans EPD Rollout: What Suppliers Must Know
Caltrans has shifted EPDs from buzzword to bid requirement. Starting with steel and flat glass and now expanding to asphalt and concrete, the agency ties payment withholds and even project eligibility to the carbon numbers in your declaration. Miss an upload and you could see a $6,000 withhold land on the jobsite paperwork, yet nail the process and you can tap into FHWA rebates that offset your LCA spend. Here is the short, sharp guide manufacturers asked for.
Concrete and Asphalt Innovation Act: What Manufacturers Need
Congress just set aside $200 million for low-carbon cement and asphalt R&D plus new cash bonuses on highway jobs. That money will flow only to producers who can document embodied carbon with rock-solid EPDs. Here is the cheat-sheet before bids start quoting the bill number.
NSW Decarbonising Infrastructure Delivery Policy Explained
Sydney’s cranes are not just lifting steel beams, they are lifting a new carbon rulebook. From April 2025, any New South Wales Government project that tops fifty million Australian dollars for buildings or one hundred million for roads, rail, or water must report and reduce upfront (embodied) carbon. For manufacturers, that policy flips embodied emissions from a nice-to-have talking point into a hard tender gate.
Los Angeles Moves to Cap Embodied Carbon in Construction
On April 9 2024 the LA City Council instructed building-safety officials to write embodied-carbon limits into the Los Angeles Green Building Code. The move rides the wave of California’s statewide CALGreen update that already makes lower-carbon concrete mandatory on large projects. For manufacturers this means specifications will soon ask not just for compressive strength or fire ratings but for a product-specific EPD that proves your tons of CO₂ per cubic yard sit below a new ceiling.
ICF: The Carbon Underdog in Wall Systems
Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) rarely make headlines in the embodied-carbon debate, yet EPS-foam shells filled with concrete can land a surprisingly low footprint and deliver energy bills that make heat-pump ads look jealous. We unpack why—and compare three heavyweight brands head-to-head on carbon, recyclate, and R-value.
EIFS Carbon Showdown: Sto, Dryvit, Sika Compared
Architects keep asking for cladding EPDs, but the numbers can feel like alphabet soup. We sifted through the latest disclosures from Sto, Dryvit, and Sika plus a fresh industry-wide PCR effort to see how three big EIFS and stucco brands really stack up on global warming potential, durability, and total embodied carbon.
Sustainable Flooring: Shaw vs. Mohawk vs. Interface
Three carpet giants are rewriting the rulebook on circularity—but their playbooks diverge sharply. Here’s how their takeback trucks, resin recipes, and net-zero deadlines really stack up.
Low VOC Paint Is Now Table Stakes for Specs
A decade ago low-VOC coatings signaled premium pricing and limited color decks. Today, if your interior line still clocks in above 50 g/L, many architects will drop it like last season’s streaming service. LEED v5 pushes the bar even lower, while owners expect durability that matches conventional formulas. We benchmark three industry heavyweights—Dunn-Edwards, Sherwin-Williams, and PPG—to show why low-emitting chemistry is no longer a differentiator but the bare minimum.
Cool Roofs, Hot Market
White membranes used to be a niche choice for grocery stores in Phoenix. Now every specifier from Miami to Milwaukee asks about solar reflectance, low-odor adhesives, and a tidy Environmental Product Declaration before they sign off on a submittal. We stacked four household roofing names—Siplast, GAF, Soprema, and Carlisle—against those three yardsticks to see who is cooling the planet and who is still warming the bid room.
Fastener Footprints: Carbon at Every Thread
Twenty-cent screws rarely get invited to carbon strategy meetings, yet a typical commercial build swallows more than a million of them. Multiply that by per-kilogram impacts north of 3 kg CO₂e and the “hidden” steel quickly rivals the global-warming potential of structural beams. We unpack the math, compare three U.S. giants that keep jobsites stocked, and show how recycled scrap and shorter truck routes can shave tonnes off your scope 3 ledger.
Facade Carbon Smackdown: Aluminum, Steel, Composite
The façade is the building’s winter coat and sunglasses rolled into one—and these days, it is also a carbon target. Designers now ask manufacturers for hard numbers, not marketing gloss. EPDs show that a square-metre of façade can vary from under 12 kg CO₂e to well over 200. That swing decides who wins a low-carbon spec. We crunched the latest declarations from Northern Facades, YKK, and Kawneer to see which material mix carries the lightest footprint, and why the units you quote can make or break your sales call.
L.A. Green Building Code: Embodied Carbon Rules You Can’t Ignore
Los Angeles just strapped a booster pack onto California’s already-tough CALGreen code. Starting July 1 2024, big projects must cap the global-warming potential of concrete, with steel and glass right behind. If your product ships without a bullet-proof, facility-specific EPD, specifiers may swipe left.
Virginia’s Asphalt-Recycling Tax Credit, Decoded
Virginia lawmakers flirted with a 20 percent income-tax credit for buying asphalt-recycling equipment. House Bill 2740 stalled in February 2025, yet its core ideas keep resurfacing in Richmond and in copy-cat bills elsewhere. If you make or lay asphalt, here is why the proposal still matters for your plant ledger, your EPD numbers, and your sales pipeline.
Austin Greenlights Hempcrete—Code Change, EPD Opportunity
On July 10 2025, Austin becomes the first major U.S. city to fold Appendix BL of the 2024 International Residential Code into law. That one vote swaps “alternative material” red tape for a straight-up permit path for hemp-lime walls. If you sell hemp shives, lime binders, or pre-cast blocks, the clock just started ticking on your environmental paperwork.
New York’s A8202/S8000: the next Buy-Clean wake-up
A bill now moving through Albany would turn New York’s current “please disclose” embodied-carbon guidance into a binding requirement starting January 1 2026. If your concrete, asphalt, or steel ships to a state-funded job without a product-specific EPD, the bid may never even open. Tick-tock.
Embodied Carbon Crashes the 2027 IECC-R Party
Two freshly filed code proposals—RE196-24 and RE137-24—aim to drag embodied carbon from the footnotes of voluntary standards into the body of America’s next residential energy code. If they pass, every two-by-four, insulation board, and window frame will sit under the same carbon microscope as HVAC loads. Manufacturers that show up with airtight EPD data will win specs while laggards scramble.
The Most Used PCRs in 2025
Hundreds of rulebooks jostle for attention, yet a tiny handful soak up most of the traffic. Here is the scoreboard for 2025, no advice, just numbers.
Buy Clean Massachusetts: Embodied-carbon rulebook
Beacon Hill is weighing HD.3507, a bill that would turn embodied-carbon data into a ticket of entry for public contracts. If you sell concrete, steel, rebar, or engineered wood in Massachusetts, the countdown to verifiable Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) could start the moment the bill clears committee.
Zero-Carbon Renovation Fund: New Gold Rush for Low-Carbon Materials
Massachusetts wants to pour $300 million into making old buildings all-electric, energy-tight, and built back with low-embodied-carbon components. If you manufacture concrete mixes, insulation, panels, or fixtures, HD.3171 could steer a torrent of public money toward products that prove their climate math. That proof almost always means a rock-solid EPD.
FDES XML Standard in France: Quickfire Guide
Bidding on a French building project without an FDES feels like showing up at Cannes without a film. The Environmental and Health Declaration Form is the ticket to enter France’s RE2020 market, a scene now worth an estimated €35 billion a year (CSTB, 2024). Skip it and your product may never reach the screening room.
Untangling UL Environment for EPDs
Thinking about publishing your next Environmental Product Declaration through UL Solutions? Their badge carries weight, yet the fine print can trip up busy manufacturing teams. Here’s the fast-track briefing before you sign on the dotted line.
INIES: France’s Essential EPD Hub
Planning to sell construction products in France? Your environmental data must flow through INIES—the national clearinghouse for verified FDES and PEP profiles. Miss that step and RE2020 project teams will swipe left, even if your product performs like a hero on carbon.
Stichting MRPI: Dutch EPD Fast Track
Selling into the Netherlands without an MRPI-registered EPD is like showing up to a speed-dating event without a name tag—you’ll be invisible long before you can pitch performance claims. Dutch building codes, public tenders, and most big contractors now pull environmental scores straight from the Nationale Milieudatabase (NMD). Only EPDs vetted by Stichting MRPI slide into that database automatically, which means your product lands on the shortlist while competitors wait at the gate.
PEP Ecopassport: Plug-and-Play EPD Operator for Tech Gear
Wondering where the electrical and electronics crowd parks its EPDs? Step inside PEP Ecopassport, the French-born program operator that translates circuit boards, HVAC drives, and data-center racks into plain-language footprint numbers—without forcing you to learn a new dialect of sustainability jargon.
BRE Global: Should You Publish Your EPD Here?
For UK-focused manufacturers, BRE Global looks like the obvious EPD gatekeeper. Its name shows up in BREEAM manuals, BIM libraries, and spec sheets from Manchester to Melbourne. Yet size, rules, and service model matter when you are racing to hit a tender deadline. Here is the operator’s real footprint and how it compares.
SCS Global Services: What to Know Before Publishing
Choosing an EPD program operator can feel like picking a phone plan: hidden fees, patchy coverage, and long lock-in periods lurk in the fine print. SCS Global Services promises broad recognition, a hands-on LCA team, and ANSI-backed credibility—but the path from data pull to public declaration still holds surprises for busy manufacturers.
PAS 2080: Your Ticket to UK Low-Carbon Infrastructure
Tender documents across the UK now slip a quiet question into the technical specs: “Show evidence you comply with PAS 2080.” Skip it and your bid can vanish before price talks even start. The 2023 revision sharpened rules on embodied carbon, built a bridge to EN 15804-based EPDs, and set a ticking clock—owners can reject data older than two years. Manufacturers that master the paperwork will ride a procurement tailwind; the rest face extra site visits and awkward clarifications.
EPDs: A Marketer’s Secret Weapon
Your product may boast flawless performance, but if the specifier cannot see a credible environmental score next to it, you are out of the running before the first call. Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) turn invisible supply-chain data into a story architects can cite and purchasing teams can trust.
HPDs & EPDs: Same Data, Different Payoff
Still confusing Health Product Declarations with Environmental Product Declarations? You are not alone. They serve different audiences, yet most of the raw process data you gathered for an LCA or EPD can power an HPD too, turning one transparency project into two and unlocking more rating-system points (LEED, BREEAM, WELL) with near-zero extra headache.
Environmental Product Declarations: Why They Matter Now
A single missing EPD can boot your product from a bid faster than a grumpy bouncer. Yet manufacturers still treat declarations as optional paperwork. With new rating systems, data-hungry specifiers, and carbon math on every tender, skipping an EPD in 2025 is like launching a phone without a camera—possible, but painfully uncompetitive.
Health Product Declarations: Counting the Payback
The ask seems simple: create a Health Product Declaration and move on. Yet many manufacturers hesitate, worried about cost, data hunting, and the infamous "round two" of ingredient questions. Here is why that hesitation leaves money on the table.
Anatomy of an EPD: Decode Each Section
An Environmental Product Declaration looks tidy on a download page yet hides sixty-plus pages of acronyms, tables, and colour-coded impact charts. Knowing which pages to scan, and which to bookmark, lets manufacturers spot red flags, prove compliance, and craft sharper sales pitches in minutes instead of days.
EPD Impact Categories in Plain English
EPDs live or die by a handful of impact categories. Understand what each metric actually measures and you can steer product design, marketing claims, and bid sheets with confidence instead of guesswork.
When No PCR Exists: How To Forge One
Running into a product with no Product Category Rule feels like opening Monopoly and finding the rulebook missing. You *could* play by house rules, but the bank will call foul. Below is the fast-track map manufacturers use to write the missing rulebook—and get back to winning bids—without drowning in redlines.
EN 15804 +A2: Your New EPD Rulebook
Feeling whiplash from the constant upgrades to Environmental Product Declarations? EN 15804 +A2 rewires the core rules for every construction-product EPD published in Europe. Miss a clause and your declaration may land in the reject pile—or worse, the spec that should have been yours ends up with a faster rival. Below is the condensed playbook for staying compliant while keeping sales momentum.
LEED Zero: Turning Credits Into Concrete Wins
Net-zero is no longer a buzzword, it is a score on the LEED chart that architects track as closely as fire-safety codes. LEED Zero rewards buildings that push past “less bad” and hit zero for carbon, energy, water, or waste. If your product shaves even a fraction off those impact tallies, you move up the spec sheet. Here is the playbook for manufacturers who want to ride that wave, not watch it from shore.
EPD First, HPD Fast: Double ROI, Half Effort
Collecting cradle-to-gate numbers for an EPD feels like herding every invoice, utility bill, and transport ticket your plant has printed in a year. The good news: once that spreadsheet is tamed, ninety percent of what a Health Product Declaration asks for is already in your files. Turning one disclosure into two is a quick extra lap that multiplies bid-day advantages without multiplying headaches.
Part B in PCRs: the product type-specific fine print for your EPD
Ever wondered why a rulebook called "Part A" is never alone? Part B is its sidekick, quietly deciding how your flooring plank or HVAC coil gets measured, compared, and ultimately specced.
baubook: Austria’s Eco Database Decoded
If you want your insulation, cladding, or piping specified on Austrian projects aiming for klimaaktiv gold, baubook is practically the guest list at the door. Miss the list and designers will swap you out for a product that is enrolled. The good news: getting in is simpler than many first think, if you understand the rules, speak the lingo, and feed the system clean, verified data.
Pick the Right PCR, Win the Bid
Grab the wrong Product Category Rule and your Environmental Product Declaration can stall six months, miss a bid date, or fail verification outright. The right PCR, in contrast, clears a straight runway for life-cycle modeling, third-party review, and faster market access. Here is how manufacturers zero in on the rulebook that fits their product, region, and timeline.
Secondary Data: Hidden Risk in EPD Projects
Life-cycle databases are fantastic for idea-stage modeling, but stake your final EPD on generic proxies and you invite credibility gaps, lost bids, and frantic last-minute data chases. The smartest manufacturers swap proxy shortcuts for laser-targeted primary data, without burying their engineering teams in spreadsheets. Here’s why.
Non-Hazardous Waste: The Sleeper Metric in Your LCA
Carbon steals the spotlight, yet every EPD still prints a boldfaced line for “non-hazardous waste disposed.” Mess up that line and specifiers will question the rest of your data. Here is how to nail the number and even trim it before the LCA clock starts ticking.
Module D: Your EPD’s Second Life Credit
Manufacturers lose bids when they ignore the carbon story after demolition. Module D adds that missing chapter, turning future reuse and recycling potential into hard-number benefits right on the EPD front page. Here is why skipping it can cost you projects—and how smart data prep keeps the calculation painless.
Finding the Right PCR: Your Shortcut Guide
Pick the wrong Product Category Rule and your EPD project can stall for months. Choose the right one and the declaration writes itself, shaving weeks off verification and letting sales teams wave that green badge sooner.
Which PCR Fits Resinous Flooring?
Specifiers crave EPDs, yet the rulebooks behind them can feel like grabbing phone chargers in a dark hotel room. They all look right until the plug refuses to fit. Below is your cheat sheet to the PCRs steering resinous flooring disclosures in mid-2025 and the fresh rules landing soon.
Your EPD Can Pay Dividends
You spent months corralling plant data, then celebrated when the verified document arrived. Now the file sits in a shared drive while your sales team keeps pitching on price. An EPD is more than proof of good practice. Treat it as a revenue lever, and the math starts to look interesting.
ISO 14025: The Passport Behind Credible EPDs
A nutrition label is only useful when everyone trusts what is on the back of the box. The same applies to an Environmental Product Declaration. ISO 14025 sets the rules that keep every EPD honest, comparable, and accepted on job sites where a single missing credential can erase you from the bid list overnight.
From LCA to EPD: Navigating PCRs and Verification Paths
An LCA can feel like a raw data avalanche. A Product Category Rule (PCR) funnels that data into a language the market speaks, and a verified Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) turns it into a passport that wins specs. Done right, this journey is shorter and smoother than many teams assume.
Four Environmental Impact Categories You Should Know
You poured months into perfecting a product, yet one missing number can still keep you off the bid list. Impact categories like global warming or regional water scarcity may read like jargon, but project teams now judge them as sharply as price. Miss the mark and you risk being locked out before the conversation even starts.
illbruck nails seamless EPD data collection with Parq
When illbruck needed Environmental Product Declarations, Parq made the month-long process feel like a game of Pac-Man—gobbling up their data with almost no effort from their team. Their experts stayed focused while our platform handled the heavy lifting, delivering results in just weeks.
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI): From Numbers to Results
Most EPD delays start long before the verifier opens your report. The bottleneck is Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) data that arrives late, arrives messy, or never arrives at all. Master the basics below and you will cut weeks off every credential project—whether you tackle it in-house or team up with a white-glove partner.
